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By air, dry ice is dangerous goods under UN 1845. Carriers that accept it require a declaration, a Class 9 label, the net quantity and packaging that lets the gas escape.

Air limits for Category B specimens, coolant placement and record-keeping, taken from the WHO guidance and the APHL packing job aid.

Choose logging interval, sensor placement, battery life and report access for your shipping process. Product information sets conditions, not the device.

In pathology, transport depends on whether the specimen is in formalin. A fixed specimen travels at room temperature, while fresh tissue is kept refrigerated until it is fixed.

Divide the invoice by kilograms weighed before use, not by quoted unit price. Compare delivery, return and packaging on the same basis.

On a short route a tube moves a specimen in seconds. Without a sponge insert hemolysis rises sharply, so each route and carrier needs its own approval.

At every handoff, record dispatch, wait and receipt times, responsible staff and product conditions.

Dry ice sublimates while it waits: about 2% an hour in a foam box, 14% for small paper-wrapped blocks. So the order is planned back from the loading hour and the waiting loss is added to the quantity.

Under time pressure, rely on product instructions, ready equipment and an assigned decision owner.

One transport temperature does not fit all medicines. Link product information, route records, carrier roles and excursion handling.

A small paper-wrapped block loses 14 per cent of its mass per hour, pellets in a foam box 2 per cent. The life of a kilo is set by the container, piece size and outside temperature.

Power access, costs and product disposition may be unclear during a hold. Keep a timeline and confirm roles in writing.

Check product-specific lower limits and plan the route, waiting areas and in-load measurements together.

Assess stop order with records, not assumptions. Track each stop, lid opening, wait, handover and temperature reading on one timeline.

Do not rely on catalogue duration alone. Test for the vaccine, programme, openings, route and freeze risk.

The dry ice you need is the container's hourly consumption multiplied by the worst-case hours of the trip. Hourly consumption is found once by weighing, and it grows with surface area, not volume, as the container gets bigger.