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A cold-chain box slows heat ingress during transport. It does not cool by itself; it becomes a system with the goods, the coolant and the route.

Do not treat source count as a vote. Compare codes, revisions, measurement conditions and written manufacturer confirmation.

Dry ice sublimates at -78.5 °C and releases gas. We work out how much CO2 10 kg of dry ice produces in a closed cargo space, set it against the ADR limits, and show where a gel pack belongs.

Annex II Chapter IV is seven short points and applies to all food transport. The last one shapes cold chain equipment: temperature must be held and it must be possible to monitor it.

An instant pack, a gel pack and a GEBHARDT eutectic plate differ in filling, in the risk to goods they touch and in the first decision: what to record at delivery, how cold the replacement plate must be frozen, and which records decide acceptance.

Phase point alone is not a selection criterion: ask for test conditions, cycling data and exact product match.

The product's outer carton, a washable divider or a suitable disposable board can serve as the separator; freeze sensitivity, moisture, airflow and lid closure decide the choice.

Verify the terms against a system diagram, then compare temperature records on the same route and load.

Yes: a product surface can freeze near a pack while average air looks acceptable. The lower limit, product points and layout are tested together.

The UNICEF Supply Catalogue publishes cold box cold life together with its test condition: +43 °C ambient, frozen ice packs, the moment the inside reaches +10 °C. The same yardstick works for anyone writing a specification.

A hard surface, frost and an elapsed-time record do not show that the filling is solid. GEBHARDT's criterion: filling completely frozen, freezer at least 5 °C below the melting point, air gap between plates.

A cold-life value depends on the specific product model and test setup; it is not a guarantee for every box or real route.

Ice packs stacked into a tight block freeze late in the middle. Layering them on a rack that keeps an air gap between packs works fine.

The agreement built to protect the ozone layer took climate gases into its scope: HFC consumption is being cut in steps, and Türkiye's schedule runs from 2024 to an 80 per cent cut in 2045.

An intact reusable pack or eutectic plate is frozen again after thawing. Instant cold packs and packs that leak or crack do not go back into the freezer.

Apply EU Regulation 2024/573 only to covered gases and equipment. Do not automatically class a passive plate container as F-gas equipment.