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Ordinary ice melts at 0 °C and leaves free water in the box. A sealed pack keeps its filling inside the shell, and a eutectic plate can be chosen with a melting point between -3 and -21 °C.

The 2024 edition contains the amendments of 22 June 2024; the UN Secretary-General has notified that further amendments entered into force on 25 August 2026. A procedure should record which text it cites.

A gel pack is heated only when its label gives a heating method. A heated pack holds little heat because nothing changes phase, so it cannot keep hot food above 60 °C on a long route.

In 2022, 1.05 billion tonnes of food were wasted: 60 percent in households, 28 percent in food service, 12 percent in retail. What the report measures and where supply-chain loss is counted.

Gel packs go above the product, with an insulating layer between pack and goods, and are held so they cannot move in the box. The layout is checked with a trial run for that box, the outside temperature and the transit time.

Record energy use, refrigerant inventory and calculation boundaries separately; compare reductions with measurements.

A frozen gel pack touching the product can freeze the contact point even while box air looks acceptable. The freezing limit, plate melting points and separator criteria are given below in numbers.

Before quoting a global percentage, check report edition, scope, denominator and whether it is an estimate.

A gel pack made for reuse can be refrozen while its shell stays intact. The freezer setting follows the plate's melting point, and for vaccines CDC sets a stricter rule.

A box can fit the aisle and still not open. The space needed follows from the door width measured from the hinge axis and from the opening angle.

A leaking gel pack stops the shipment. Goods, gel pack and transport box each get a separate decision: the goods decision rests on the safety data sheet, the box decision on the cleaning record.

Before choosing a route, measure stops, door openings, product requirements and plate-charging energy.

A gel pack laid flat in a single layer freezes through in 24-48 hours. A pack that is hard outside can still be soft in the middle; readiness is judged at the centre.

In 1718 ice cream was made with salted ice, and in 1724 Fahrenheit marked the zero of his thermometer with a salt and ice mixture. Today's eutectic plate uses the same physics in a sealed body.

A pack that stays soft may be unfrozen, or frozen but still flexible. The glycol content and the freezing time tell the two apart.

The word grows from Greek roots meaning to melt well, and it entered chemistry through Frederick Guthrie's 1884 paper. Below are the figures behind the definition, and how the melting point of a GEBHARDT plate sets its freezing temperature.