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A k-value alone cannot give hold hours; measure area, temperature difference, load, and door openings too.

Reuse depends on three figures: wash water temperature, how much water the foam takes up, and the share of boxes lost on each return. Each has a limit, and each changes the cost per use.

The heat entering a box is K, surface area and temperature difference multiplied, and it comes out in watts. The result gives an order of magnitude and a starting point for plate count and duration.

Water appears when moist air meets a surface below its dew point. Work out the dew point and note where the water shows, and the source can be told apart.

Weigh and measure product, packaging and fittings in a real shipment. Keep model payload separate from site handling assessment.

Appearance alone is not decisive. Check damage location, lid fit, surface loss and written acceptance criteria.

Start with route clearances, actual load and interior fittings. Use current product documents for model range and dimensions.

Tape holds a seated lid closed; it does not fix a gap or a crushed edge. Dry-fit the lid first, then trial the tape on a real shipment.

For liquid-releasing loads, base the accessory decision on a trial: check collected volume, model fit and the cleaning workflow.

Do not treat density as a quality score; compare net weight, dimensions, tolerances and samples for the same model.

Where meltwater matters, do not treat an accessory tub and integrated drainage as equivalent. Confirm the model and internal configuration.

Five steps, each with its limit: checking the box, bringing the product to temperature, working out how much coolant the load needs, placing it, and recording the closure.

Choose by the actual handling path: check floor, thresholds, forklift access and how the load must move at the final handoff.

An intact EPS body takes up almost no water; leaks come through poorly fused beads, the lid line, corners and the base. Test the box with water while it is empty on receipt.

EPS and EPP look alike from outside but behave differently under crushing and impact. Density, the permanent deformation limit and measured thermal conductivity are below.

Compare active, passive and combined setups by product condition, tested route, load fit, preparation capacity, returns and same-period utilisation cost.